Music Video Institutions

There are 4 main institutions dominating the music industry around the world currently (This is known as oligopoly). These are known as 'The Big 4'. All of these institutions are owned by LIVE NATION.

https://www.slideshare.net/Heather_Scutchings/the-big-4-music-industries

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• Examples of artists: Sex Pistols, The Beatles, Calvin Harris, Coldplay, Red Hot Chilli Peppers
• Subsidiaries: Virgin music, Capitol Music group, Mute Records
• EMI Music Publishing is based in the UK and was set up in 1972
• Originally EMI manufactured gramaphones and broadcasting equipment and later produced television broadcasting equipment.
• In November 2011 they sold their recorded music operations to Universal Music Group and their music publishing operations to a Sony led consortium.

• Examples of artists: Rihanna, Beyonce, Taylor Swift, Justin Bieber, Adele, Drake
• Subsidiaries: SYCO, Epic records, Columbia records 
• Sony BMG was set up in 2004 when there was a 50/50 joint venture between Song Music Entertainment and Bertlsmann Music Group

• Examples of artists: Madonna, Charlie xcx, Prince, Ed Sheeran, Birdy
• Subsidiaries: Atlantic Records, Warner Bros. Records, Rhino Entertainment
• Setup in 1958 after the devision of global brand 'The Warner Bros.'
• In 1971 they set up a subsidiary company with famous band 'The Rolling Stones' called 'Rolling Stones Records' 

• Examples of artists: Lady Gaga, Kanye West, Lana Del Ray, Amy Winehouse, ABBA, Lorde
• Subsidiaries: Interscope Records, Republic records, Island Records
• Multinational music company based in California USA.
• Largest of the 'Big 4' and data shows that they are the leading record label in market shares

This chart shows the retail music sales of each company in 2005 and how much each of them dominates the music industry.

Linking Music Institutions to the indie/psychedelic pop genre.

• Artists which are similar to Polly Howe's music are often signed by independent record labels, that are not pat of 'The Big 4'. This is because indie/psychedelic pop is not a main stream music genre, and the big 4 are successful due to the mainstream artists and chart music they sign and produce. 
• Tame Impala, a psychedelic pop band is part of Modular Records, which is an independent Australian record label. However they are also signed to Universal Music Australia, which is a subsidiary of Universal records, which is the largest of the big 4.